Andrzej Walicki. The Flow of Ideas.

Contents

Author’s Note

Introductory Remarks

PART I

FROM THE ENLIGHTENMENT TO ROMANTICISM

1 – Trends and Tendencies in Enlightenment Thought

Introductory Remarks: The Paradoxes of Westernization

Catherine II and Enlightenment Philosophy

The Emergence of Professional Enlightenment Philosophy

Nikolai Novikov and Freemasonry

Mikhail Shcherbatov and the Aristocratic Opposition

2 – The Culmination of the Enlightenment in Russia: Aleksandr Radishchev

Radishchev’s Life

Radishchev’s Social Philosophy

Radishchev’s Views on Ethics and Education

Radical Reform or Revolution?

The Treatise on Immortality

3 – Political Philosophy in the Age of Alexander I

Projects of International Order

The Liberal Conceptions

Nikolai Karamzin and Conservatism

The Decembrists

4 – Anti-Enlightenment Trends in the Early Nineteenth Century

Mysticism

The Ideology of an Anti-Philosophical Crusade

The Wisdom-Lovers and Russian Schellingianism

Ivan Kireevsky’s Young Years, or the West-Inclined Version of Philosophial Romanticism

PART II

THE REIGN OF NICHOLAS I

5 – Petr Chaadaev and Religious Westernism

Chaadaev’s Metaphysics and Philosophy of History

Russia’s Past and Future

Toward Ecumenism

Chaadaev’s Place in Russian Intellectual History

Converts of The Age of Nicholas: Ivan Gagarin and Vladimir Pecherin

6 – The Slavophiles and Other Versions of Anti-Westernism

The Slavophile Philosophy of History and Social Ideals

The Concept of the “Integral Personality” and “New Principles in Philosophy”

Slavophile Ecclesiology

Slavophilism as Conservative Utopianism

The Ideology of “Official Nationality”

Tyutchev’s Imperial Vision

The Evolution of Slavophilism at the Time of Great Reforms

7 – The Russian Hegelians: From “Reconciliation with Reality” To “Philosophy of Action”

Nikolai Stankevich

Mikhail Bakunin

Vissarion Belinsky

Aleksandr Herzen

8 – Belinsky and Different Variants of Westernism

Belinsky’s Westernism

The Liberal Westernizers

9 – The Petrashevtsy

Social and Political Ideas of the Petrashevtsy

Philosophical Ideas of the Petrashevtsy

10 – The Origins of “Russian Socialism”

The Evolution of Herzen’s Views

Nikolai Ogarev

PART III

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES OF THE REFORM AND COUNTERREFORM PERIOD

11 – Nikolai Chernyshevsky and the “Enlighteners” of the Sixties

Chernyshevsky’s Anthropological Materialism

Nikolai Dobroliubov and the Dispute over the “Superfluous Men”

Dmitry Pisarev and “Nihilism”

Critics of the “Enlighteners”: Apollon Grigoriev and Nikolai Strakhov

Reactions to the “Enlighteners” in Spiritual Academies: Pamphil Yurkevich and Fyodor Bukharev

12 – Conservative Ideologies after the Land Reform

Mikhail Katkov

Ivan Aksakov and Nikolai Danilevsky

Konstantin Pobedonostsev

Konstantin Leontiev

13 – Populist Ideologies

Introduction

From “Go to the People” to the “People’s Will”

Petr Lavrov

Petr Tkachev

Nikolai Mikhailovsky

Nikolai Chaikovsky Aánd Godmanhood

14 – Anarchism

Mikhail Bakunin

Petr Kropotkin

15 – Boris Chicherin and Conservative Liberalism

The Tasks of Liberalism in Russia

Philosophy of the State

Philosophy of Law

Metaphysics and the Philosophy of History

Chicherin’s Place in the History of Russian Thought

16 – Between Populism and Marxism

Plekhanov’s Road to Marxism

Aleksandr Ulianov

“Legal Populism”: Vassily Vorontsov and Nikolai Danielson

PART IV

PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS THOUGHT IN REFORMED RUSSIA

17 – Prophetic Writers

Fyodor Dostoevsky

Lev Tolstoy

Dostoevsky and Tolstoy: A Comparison

18 – Vladimir Soloviev and Metaphysical Idealism

A Philosopher’s Life and Personality

Philosophy of Reintegration

Godmanhood and Sophia

The Ecumenical Ideal and the National Question in Russia

Theocratic Utopia of the Third Rome

Theory of Love. A Digression on Nikolai Fedorov

Ethics and Philosophy of Law

Theoretical Philosophy

Apocalyptic Premonitions

Theory of Art

Soloviev’s Place in Pre-Revolutionary Russian Thought

19 – Variants of Positivism

Introduction

Dogmatic Positivism: Grigory Wyrouboff

Critical Positivism: Vladimir Lesevich

Positivism and Sociology

Positivism and Psychology

Toward Ethical Idealism. The Renaissance of Natural Law: Leon PetraĪycki and Pavel Novgorodtsev

Positivist Psychologism and a Philosophy of God: The Theological Anthropologism of Victor Nesmelov

20 – Metaphysical Idealism

Extending the Hegelian Tradition

Aleksei Kozlov and Neo-Leibnizianism

Lev Lopatin and Spiritualistic Personalism

Sergei Trubetskoi and “Concrete Idealism”

PART V

FROM THE TURN OF THE CENTURY TO THE AFTERMATH OF THE FIRST REVOLUTION

21 – Three Variants of Marxism at the Turn of the Century

Plekhanov’s Necessitarian Orthodox

Petr Struve and the Evolution of “Legal Marxism”

Lenin and Revolutionary Marxism

22 – The Crisis of Marxism and the Intellectual Genesis of the Religious-Philosophical Renaissance

Around Problems of Idealism

New Marxism and the Birth of “Godmaking”

“New Religious Consciousness”

Berdiaev, Bulgakov and the 1905 Revolution

23 – The Religious-Philosophical Renaissance during the Years of Reflection upon the Experience of the First Revolution

The Situation in Philosophy at the Turn of 1905/1906

New Slavophilism, Ontologism and the Search for Eastern-Christian Sources of Russian Philosophy

Lev Shestov

Metaphysics of All-Unity and Sophiology

Closing Remarks

Bibliographical Supplement